Crocodile head scales are not developmental units but emerge from physical cracking

Science. 2013 Jan 4;339(6115):78-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1226265. Epub 2012 Nov 29.

Abstract

Various lineages of amniotes display keratinized skin appendages (feathers, hairs, and scales) that differentiate in the embryo from genetically controlled developmental units whose spatial organization is patterned by reaction-diffusion mechanisms (RDMs). We show that, contrary to skin appendages in other amniotes (as well as body scales in crocodiles), face and jaws scales of crocodiles are random polygonal domains of highly keratinized skin, rather than genetically controlled elements, and emerge from a physical self-organizing stochastic process distinct from RDMs: cracking of the developing skin in a stress field. We suggest that the rapid growth of the crocodile embryonic facial and jaw skeleton, combined with the development of a very keratinized skin, generates the mechanical stress that causes cracking.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Alligators and Crocodiles / anatomy & histology*
  • Alligators and Crocodiles / embryology
  • Alligators and Crocodiles / growth & development*
  • Animals
  • Head
  • Jaw / anatomy & histology
  • Jaw / embryology
  • Keratins
  • Mechanical Phenomena*
  • Skin / anatomy & histology*
  • Skin / embryology
  • Skin / growth & development*

Substances

  • Keratins