E3b Haplotype # 9

This partial haplotype is very common, its highest frequencies falling overwhelmingly

in Spain, Portugal and Latin America. There are also a few hits in Egypt, Iran and Italy,

which is consistent with the Middle Eastern or North African origin of most E3b haplotypes.

The highest frequencies, outside of the Hispanic areas and the Mediterranean basin,

fall in France and in Zeeland, in the southwestern Netherlands.

This haplotype may have come to Britain from these areas, with Norman,

Flemish or Hungarian settlers of Jewish descent.

An alternate possibility is that the haplotype came to Britain with Roman troops

or settlers from Spain or North Africa.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 13 14 - 24 9 11 13 - -
Geographical Locale	%
Pennsylvania [Hispanic-American]	15.63
Florida [Hispanic-American]	9.62
Cantabria, Northern Spain	8.91
Asturias, Northern Spain	4.44
Virginia [Hispanic-American]	4.35
Santiago de Compostela, Galicia	3.88
New York City [Hispanic-American]	3.33
Central Portugal	3.24
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [European]	3.17
Madeira, Portugal	3.06
Antioquia, Colombia [European]	2.70
Madrid, Central-East Spain	2.70
Texas [Hispanic-American]	2.70
Lyon, France	2.40
Oregon [Hispanic-American]	2.38
Northern Portugal	2.20
Zeeland, Netherlands	2.17
Central Norway	2.08
Isfahan, Iran	2.08
Paris, France	1.83
Zaragoza, Spain	1.67
Valencia, Spain	1.42
Bogota, Colombia [European]	1.36
Barcelona, Catalonia	1.34
Argentina [European]	1.33
Bulgaria [Romani]	1.23
Liguria, Italy	1.23
Egypt	1.20
Budapest, Hungary	1.02
Sicily, Southern Italy	1.01
Strasbourg, Alsace	1.01
Buenos Aires, Argentina [European]	1.00
Sao Paulo, Brazil [European]	.89
Southern Portugal	.89
Brussels, Belgium	.80
Munich, Bavaria	.80
Choco, Colombia [African]	.75
Pyrenees, Spain	.75
Northern Spain [Basque]	.60
Rostock, Mecklenburg	.49
Sweden	.49
Berlin, Brandenburg	.36
Finland	.25
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg	.23

E3b Haplotype # 10

The haplotype below is extremely common among Eastern European gypsies,

much more so than among any other sample. This may indicate an ultimate origin in

Western Asia. The other matches fall mostly in Southern Europe - and/or in locales

known to have a substantial Jewish population at one time, such as Bern, Switzerland.

This haplotype may have to come to Britain with Roman troops or settlers.

It may also have arrived with Sephardic Jewish immigrants during the medieval period.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 13 13 31 24 10 11 13 16 18
Geographical Locale	%
Eastern Hungary [Roma]	8.45
Eastern Slovakia [Romani]	7.94
Liguria, Italy	1.23
Bern, Switzerland	1.10
Albania	.99
Athens, Greece	.99
Madrid, Spain	.68
Sicily, Italy	.50
Rostock, Mecklenburg	.49
Tyrol, Austria	.43
Munich, Bavaria	.40
Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt	.35
Antioquia, Colombia [European]	.25
Berlin, Brandenburg	.18

E3b Haplotype # 11

The highest match frequencies for the haplotype below fall largely

in Southeastern Europe, although there are multiple matches in Swabia,

and one each in Austria and London.

This haplotype may be associated with Sephardic Jews, but this is not

obvious from the match pattern. The haplotype could easily have come

to Britain with Roman troops or settlers.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 13 14 31 24 10 11 13 16 18
Geographical Locale	%
Florida [Hispanic-American]	4.35
Albania	.99
Central Anatolia, Turkey	.91
Bulgaria	.82
Macedonia	.67
Zagreb, Croatia	.67
Budapest, Hungary	.52
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg	.46
Tyrol, Austria	.43
London, England	.35
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg	.22

E3b Haplotype # 12

This haplotype appears among Bulgarian Turks, and in Romania, Spain and Italy. Yet it also appears in

scattered metropolitan areas, such as Vienna, Paris and Berlin. We suspect that it may have originated

in the eastern Mediterranean, but spread elsewhere with Roman settlement and the urban diaspora of

Sephardic Jews.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 13 13 30 24 10 11 13 15 17
Geographical Locale	%
Bulgaria [Turks]	1.64
Vienna, Austria	1.52
Romania	.98
Marche, Italy	.93
Paris, France	.92
Valencia, Spain	.71
Lombardy, Italy	.55
Chemnitz, Saxony	.24
Berlin, Brandenburg	.18

E3b Haplotype # 13

This haplotype exhibits its highest frequencies in Romania, Switzerland, among the Brahui of Pakistan, and in Syria.

There also numerous matches in Germany, although a German origin in unlikely. The presence of Syria suggests

that the haplotype could be Middle Eastern in origin. The matches in Romania and Tuscany may have come

from the Eastern Mediterranean - and those in Switzerland and Germany could have resulted from the spread

of the haplotype through the Jewish diaspora.

This haplotype probably came to Britain with Roman troops or settlers, slaves of Mediterranean or Levantine

descent, or with later Sephardic immigrants.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 13 13 - 25 11 11 13 14+ -
Geographical Locale	%
Romania	.98
Lausanne, Switzerland	.93
Syria	.85
Munster, Westphalia	.51
Rostock, Mecklenburg	.49
Tuscany, Italy	.46
Berlin, Brandenburg	.36
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg	.22
Leipzig, Saxony	.15

E3b Haplotype # 14

The haplotype below scored matches in Italy and Spain. It may have came to Britain with Roman slaves, settlers

or troops, or with later Sephardic immigrants.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 13 14 30 25 9 11 13 - -
Geographical Locale	%
Liguria, Italy	1.23
Santiago de Compostela, Galicia	.97
Madrid, Spain	.66
Barcelona, Catalonia	.45

E3b Haplotype # 15

The haplotype below is probably associated with Jewish populations. The European matches appear in The Rhineland,

Poland and eastern Germany, all areas of known Jewish settlement. We might even go so far as to speculate that the

match in Louisiana is with a Franco-American of partially Sephardic descent, as the ancestors of the Cajuns came from

parts of France where many Sephardim had emigrated before and after The Spanish Inquisition.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 13 13 31 25 10 11 13 16 18
Geographical Locale	%
Louisiana [European-American]	3.23
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg	.22
Gdansk, Poland	.18
Leipzig, Saxony	.15

E3b Haplotype # 16

The haplotype below is most likely of Iberian origin. Although we have made much of the fact that many of the Roman

auxiliaries who served in North Britain came from exotic places like Sarmatia and Syria, most actually came from Germany,

Spain and Gaul. That would have made them indistinguishable genetically from the natives or at least, in the case of

the Germans, indistinguishable from later arrivals like the Angles and the Saxons.

However, E3b is not native to Britain, and may well have arrived with Spanish troops - as well as with other Roman

troops or settlers of Mediterranean extraction.

(As it happens, the "Border Reiver" for which this match table has been posted speculated in his Ysearch record

that his ancestors, although Irish, may have had some Spanish forebears of far more recent vintage.)

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 13 13 30 22 9 11 13 - -
Geographical Locale	%
Virginia [Hispanic-American]	2.17
Cantabia, Spain	.99
Lausanne, Switzerland	.93

E3b Haplotype # 17

Of the four top match frequencies for this haplotype, three fall in the Balkans. Two lower frequency matches occur in

Spain, another falls in Poland, and one higher frequency match falls in Bern, Switzerland. The matches in Poland and Bern

are most likely Jewish in origin. The matches in Spain could easily be Sephardic, North African or Mediterranean.

This haplotype could have come to Britain with Roman settlers, or with troops - like the Dacians and Thracians of

Birdoswald - of Balkan or Mediterranean origin.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 13 13 30 25 10 11 13 16 19
Geographical Locale	%
Bulgaria [Romani]	1.23
Bern, Switzerland	1.10
Albania	.99
Macedonia	.67
Northern Spain [Basque]	.60
Andulacia/Extremadura, Spain	.26
Gdansk, Poland	.18

E3b Haplotype # 18

The match pattern for this haplotype is mostly Northern European, suggesting an association with the Jewish diaspora.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 30 24 11 11 13 16 18
Geographical Locale	%
Szczecin, Poland	.95
Lausanne, Switzerland	.93
Riga, Latvia	.69
Sweden	.25

E3b Haplotype # 19

The top Old World frequencies for this haplotype fall in Italy, Tunisia, Spain and Portugal. It may have come to Britain

from the Mediterranean, either with merchants (such as the Phoenicians), Roman settlers or Roman auxiliaries of North

African origin.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 13 14 30 24 9 11 13 14 14
Geographical Locale	%
Mazara del Vallo, Italy	4.00
Tunisia [Berber]	3.33
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [European]	1.59
Santiago de Compostela, Spain	.97
Tunisia [Andulasian Arabs]	.76
Bogota, Colombia [European]	.68
Central Portugal	.61
London, England	.35
Munich, Germany	.35
Northern Portugal	.35
Antioquia, Colombia [European]	.13

E3b Haplotype # 20

The haplotype below has matches in Sicily and Iraq. Although the Kurds speak an Indo-Iranian language, they have

considerable Mediterranean admixture, of which E3b would be quite typical. We suspect that this haplotype may

have reached Britain with Mediterranean traders, miners or fishermen in pre-Roman times - and certainly with many

other Mediterranean peoples during Roman times.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 - 26 10 11 13 16+ -
Geographical Locale	%
Kurds, Iraq	.79
Sicily, Italy	.50

E3b Haplotype # 21

The top Old World match frequencies for the haplotype below in Southeastern Europe - in Bosnia, Hungary, Macedonia,

Italy, Southeast Poland and Turkey. It is found among Jews, Aromuns and Romani alike. It appears to be predominantly

of Mediterranean origin, and may have come to Britain with Roman troops and settlers, Sephardic Jews or pre-Roman miners

and traders.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 13 13 31 24 10 11 13 17 18
Geographical Locale	%
Florida [European-American]	4.55
Doboj-Banja Luka-Bjeljina, Bosnia-Herzegovina	3.23
Indiana [European-American]	2.94
Budapest, Hungary [Ashkenazi Jews]	2.86
Krusevo, Macedonia [Aromun]	2.33
Missouri [European-American]	1.69
Puglia, Italy	1.43
Southeast Poland	1.24
Szeged, Hungary	1.00
Kahramanmaras, Southern Turkey [Romani]	.90
New York City [European-American]	.65
Kiev, Ukraine	.41
London, England	.35

E3b Haplotype # 22

The haplotype below probably originated along the Mediterranean and spread northward into Central and Western

Europe. It may have arrived in Britain with Neolithic traders or settlers, Romans, Normans, Jews or other peoples.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 13 - - 23 10 11 12 17 17
Geographical Locale	%
Puglia, Italy	1.43
Freiburg, Germany	.23

E3b Haplotype # 23

The haplotype below is found predominantly among Iberians and Italians, which is a fairly typical distribution for an

E3b haplotype. It may have come to Britain with Roman troops or settlers, Sephardic Jews, or any number of earlier

migrants from the Mediterranean.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 13 12 29 24 10 11 13 17 18
Geographical Locale	%
Caceres, Spain	1.10
Ecuador [Mestizo]	.98
Marche, Italy	.49
Tuscany, Italy	.46
Sao Paulo, Brazil [European]	.22
Stuttgart, Germany	.16

E Haplotype # 1

The match table below has been prepared for a "Border Reiver" whose closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup

database are two 4 steps - one an Australian aboriginal "C" and the other an Ashkenazi "E". The only other match in this

database is 1 step away from a person of indeterminate haplogroup who nonetheless tested positive for the "YAP" SNP.

"YAP" is common primarily to haplogroups "D" and "E", so we believe our "Border Reiver" most likely belongs to a

subclade of E - possibly E3b. The only close match in YHRD falls in Sicily, which is typical for an E3b.

We surmise that this haplotype came to Britain with Mediterranean traders, Roman settlers and troops, or

Sephardic Jews arriving under the aegis of the Norman conquest.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 - - 22 9 12 13 15 17
Geographical Locale	%
Sicily	.50