European Journal of Educational Studies 3(1), 2011
RUDOLF STEI NER AND THE OXFORD CONFERENCE:
THE BI RTH OF WALDORF EDUCATI ON I N BRI TAI N
JOHN PAULL
Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Oxford
E-mail address for correspondence: john.paull@anthro.ox.ac.uk
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: The Oxford Conference in the summer of 1922, 15-29 August, introduced Waldorf education to
a British audience and laid the foundations for its international diffusion. Rudolf Steinerdominated the
Conference proceedings although he was only one of the listed 14 speakers for the 'Spiritual Values in
Education & Social Life' event. Contemporary documentation is examined to reveal key aspects
and the significance of the Conference at which there were 230 attendees. Steiner presented each of
the 12 morning lectures at Manchester College, now Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford.
Steiner spoke in German and George Kaufmann translated. Afternoon and evening events were presented
at the nearby Keble College. Conference events included, reportedly, the first Eurythmy demonstrations in
Britain. Performances were presented by Eurythmists from Dornach as well as by Oxford school
children. The Conference received widespread press coverage. An outcome of the Conferencewas a five
paragraph statement issued by the delegates and stating the intention to create a world-wide association
to foster the founding of new schools. A Provisional Committee of at least 11 members was elected and
charged with this object. The Oxford Conference served as a catalyst for the establishment of Waldorf
schools in Britain and the broader English-speaking world, and is a key historical event in the
proliferation of Waldorf education.
Keywords: Manchester College; Keble College; Waldorf schools; Anthroposophy; Stuttgart; England;
Millicent Mackenzie; George Kaufmann.
____________________________________________________________________________________
I NTRODUCTI ON
In 1922 Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) was at the height of his powers and was an accomplished orator.
6WHLQHU¶V lecturing career dates back at least to 1888 (Stewart, 2010). There are a total of 5105 dated
lectures by Steiner spanning a period of 37 years (1888- 7KH ILQDO VL[ \HDUV RI 6WHLQHU¶V SXEOLF OLIH
(1919-1924) account for 2362 lectures, 46.3% of the total. Lectures in Germany (N=2422) and
Switzerland (N=1976) dominate the statistics, while lectures in Britain total 116 over the period 19051924 (Stewar
53
European Journal of Educational Studies 3(1), 2011
,Q WHUPV RI UHDFK DQG RXWFRPH WKH 2[IRUG &RQIHUHQFH ZDV DUJXDEO\ WKH ]HQLWK RI 6WHLQHU¶V WHQ visits to
Britain. Previously, Steiner had delivered only eight lectures in Britain (Stewart, 2010). There was a
single lecture in London in 1905, followed by two in 1913. Almost a decade elapsed, and a World War,
before Steiner resumed his visits to Britain in 1922. In April of that year, he delivered three lectures in
London and two in Stratford-on-Avon (Stewart, 2010). None of these eight prior presentations attracted
widespread press coverage, and, at the time of the Oxford Conference, Steiner was relatively unknown to
the British press and public.
Waldorf Education
The original Waldorf School was established in September 1919 in Stuttgart, Germany, by Rudolf Steiner
at the invitation of a German industrialist, Emil Molt (Rosenkrantz, 1922). Steiner stated that the Waldorf
6FKRRO VRXJKW ³WR DSSO\ WKH HGXFDWLRQDO SULQFLSOHV DULVLQJ RXW RI $QWKURSRVRSK\´ WR FKLOGUHQ¶V HGXFDWLRQ
(1923a, p.24). The Stuttgart Waldorf School began with an enrollment of 150 students and this had grown
to 700 by the time of the 2[IRUG &RQIHUHQFH 5RVHQNUDQW] 6WXGHQWV DW 6WXWWJDUW ZHUH ³GUDZQ QRW
only from all classes but from different distant countries - HYHQ IURP $PHULFD´ 5RVHQNUDQW] S
There was a clear and early understanding that the original school was to serve as a demonstration school:
³7KH :DOGRUI 6FKRRO LV HTXDOO\ D VFKRRO IRU WHDFKHUV DV LW LV D VFKRRO IRU FKLOGUHQ´ 5RVHQNUDQW]
p.79).
In 1921 Millicent Mackenzie, a retired Professor of Education, organised a delegation of teachers to the
GoetKHDQXP 6WHLQHU¶V KHDGTXDUWHUV RI $QWKURSRVRSK\ EDVHG DW 'RUQDFK 6ZLW]HUODQG )UHHPDQ
UHFRUGHG WKDW WKHUH ZHUH ³%HWZHHQ WKUHH DQG IRXU KXQGUHG PHQ DQG ZRPHQ IURP DOO SDUWV RI (XURSH « WR
KHDU D &RXUVH RI /HFWXUHV RQ (GXFDWLRQ´ DQG WKLV LQFOXGHG ³WKe group of thirty teachers and others who
DWWHQGHG WKH &RXUVH IURP (QJODQG´ 6WHLQHU UHFRUGHG WKDW ³(QJOLVK IULHQGV RI $QWKURSRVRSK\ ZHUH ZLWK
XV DW D FRQIHUHQFH DW &KULVWPDV´ D S ,W ZDV WKDW &KULVWPDV 7HDFKHU¶V &RXUVH ZKLFK OHG WR
the invitation for Steiner to present the 1922 Oxford Conference organised by Mackenzie.
Mackenzie had met Steiner in Berlin (Bamford, 1995). She was a pioneering educator and is said to be
%ULWDLQ¶V ILUVW ZRPDQ SURIHVVRU -1915); by way of comparison, the universities of Oxford and
Cambridge granted degrees to women beginning in 1920 and 1948 respectively (Beddoe, 2004;
Cunningham & Goodwin, 2001; Dyhouse, 1995). Mackenzie was also a pioneer in the political arena.
She was an active member of the Cardiff WomHQ¶V 6XIIUDJH 6RFLHW\ %HGGRH 7KH 'HFHPEHU
1918 British election was the first in which women could stand for Parliament and Mackenzie was one of
the seventeen women candidates; she stood unsuccessfully as a Labour candidate for the University of
Wales seat (Beddoe, 2004).
M ATERI ALS AND M ETHODS
The present account relies on the examination of primary source material, the various records held in
LQVWLWXWLRQDO DUFKLYHV DQG FRQWHPSRUDQHRXV UHSRUWV RI WKH 2[IRUG &RQIHUHQFH 7KH WH[W RI 6WHLQHU¶V FRUH
presentations at the Oxford Conference have long been available, for example, nine are published in
Steiner (1922c) and four appear in the compendium Rudolf Steiner Speaks to the British (Steiner, 1998).
However, what has not been available is an account of the Conference per se. The present account seeks
to redress this and to present an integrated account, relying primarily on contemporary documentation,
ephemera, and media reportage.
54
European Journal of Educational Studies 3(1), 2011
RESULTS
Oxford
The minutes of the Anthroposophical Society of *UHDW %ULWDLQ RI )HEUXDU\ UHFRUG WKDW ³,W ZDV
reported that Professor Jacks had promised Manchester College, Oxford for a fortnight in August for the
SURSRVHG (GXFDWLRQDO FRQIHUHQFH´ E S
The following month, the minutes of Manchester College, Oxford, dated 20 March 1922, state that:
³7KH &RXQFLO RI 6SLULWXDO 9DOXHV LQ (GXFDWLRQ DQG 6RFLDO /LIH PDGH DSSOLFDWLRQ IRU WKH XVH RI
the College Residence and Arlosh Hall for a Conference to be held in Oxford during the
fortnight August 15th to 29tK DQG RIIHULQJ WR FRQWULEXWH DW WKH UDWH RI SHU KHDG IRU
board and residence. Resolved - That the application be granted and the arrangements left in
WKH KDQGV RI WKH %RDUG RI 6WXGLHV´ 0&2 S
The Oxford Conference coincided with a growing interest at Manchester College in education as a subject
LQ LWV RZQ ULJKW 7KH &ROOHJH DQQXDO UHSRUW RI LGHQWLILHG ³WKH JURZLQJ WHQGHQF\ DPRQJ WHDFKHUV WR
UHJDUG WKH ZRUN RI HGXFDWLRQ LQ FORVH FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH SKLORVRSK\ RI OLIH´ DQG LW QRWHG
³7KH LQWURGXFWLRQ GXULQJ WKH \HDU XQGHU UHYLHZ RI HGXFDWLRQ DV D VXEMHFW RI VWXG\ KDV EHHQ DQ
event of great interest in the history of the College. In respect of recent years it is a new
feature, but on a longer survey of the past it may be said to revive the zeal for general
HGXFDWLRQ ZKLFK « ZDV D PDUNHG IHDWXUH RI DQ HDUOLHU SHULRG « « 7KH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI WKLV
VXEMHFW KDV XQTXHVWLRQDEO\ EURXJKW D TXLFNHQLQJ HOHPHQW LQWR WKH JHQHUDO OLIH RI WKH &ROOHJH«
An Educational Library is in process of formatLRQ´ :RUWKLQJWRQ S
Oxford was an inspired choice to launch a differentiated form of education. As the home of the oldest
university in the English-speaking world, Oxford has been for centuries a magnet for ideas, scholars, and
learning. The University of Oxford currently comprises 38 colleges. Three of these colleges, Manchester
&ROOHJH .HEOH &ROOHJH DQG 6W +XJK¶V &ROOHJH KDG D UROH LQ WKH 2[IRUG &RQIHUHQFH ZLWK WKH WZR IRUPHU
hosting the Conference events and with the latter restricted to offering board and lodging only.
Manchester College was founded in 1786 in the city of Manchester; it subsequently moved to London,
and it settled in Oxford in 1889 (Smith, 1986). Manchester College began as a dissenting academy with a
Unitarian non-conformist heritage. It was founded at a time when professions of faith were required at
2[IRUG DQG &DPEULGJH XQLYHUVLWLHV ,Q FRQWUDVW 0DQFKHVWHU¶V IRXQGDWLRQDO GRFXPHQW GHFODUHG LW WR
EH RSHQ WR ³HYHU\ UHOLJLRXV GHQRPLQDWLRQ IRU ZKRP QR WHVW RU FRQIHVVLRQ RI IDLWK ZLOO EH UHTXLUHG´
(quoted by Smith, 1986, p xiii). At the time, the Unitarian doctrine of the unity of God and the rejection
of the doctrine of the Trinity was, and remained until the Doctrine of the Trinity Act of 1813, an illegal
and blasphHPRXV SRVLWLRQ 6PLWK &DUYHG LQ VWRQH DERYH WKH 0DQFKHVWHU &ROOHJH HQWUDQFH LV ³7R
7UXWK 7R /LEHUW\ 7R 5HOLJLRQ´ ZRUGV ZKLFK ZHUH ERUURZHG IURP WKH RSHQLQJ DGGUHVV RI
0DQFKHVWHU¶V ILUVW 'LYLQLW\ WXWRU 7KRPDV %DUQHV 6PLWK 0DQFKHVWHU &ROOHJH LV QRZ µ+DUULV
0DQFKHVWHU &ROOHJH¶ D FROOHJH RI WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 2[IRUG %XOOHQ 0DQFKHVWHU &ROOHJH KRVWHG
the Conference reception and all of the morning events.
Keble College is an eight minute walk from Manchester College. It was founded in 1870 and named in
memory of John Keble, a Professor of Poetry, who was a founder of the Oxford Movement, also known
as Tractarians, and who sought to restore for the Church of England some of the early elements of
Christian faith. In terms of student numbers, Keble is one of the largest of Oxford colleges. Keble hosted
the afternoon and evening events. These events included the twelve non-Steiner lectures, four evenings of
(XUK\WKP\´ GHPRQVWUDWLRQV DQG $XJXVW DQG WZR HYHQLQJ ³&HOHEUDWLRQ DQG 3OD\V´
and 22 August) (Mackenzie, 1922c, pp.4- 7KH VSHOOLQJ µ(XUK\WKP\¶ ZDV XVHG LQ WKH &RQIHUHQFH
SURJUDPPH WKH VSHOOLQJ µ(XU\WKP\¶ LV QRZ JHQHUDOO\ XVHG HJ 6SRFN
6W +XJK¶V &ROOHJH ORFDWHG LQ 1RUWK 2[IRUG LV D WZHOYH PLQXWe walk from Keble. It was established as a
ZRPHQ¶V FROOHJH LQ %XOOHQ DQG IRU WKH &RQIHUHQFH LWV UROH ZDV OLPLWHG WR RIIHULQJ ERDUG DQG
lodging to delegates (Mackenzie, 1922c).
55
European Journal of Educational Studies 3(1), 2011
Despite not speaking English himself, Steiner was very keen to reach an English audience. He had
introduced English language teaching, along with French, at the Stuttgart Waldorf School. He
FRPPHQWHG SUHVFLHQWO\ WKDW ³(QJOLVK LV WDXJKW EHFDXVH LW LV D XQLYHUVDO ZRUOG ODQJXDJH DQG ZLOO EHFRPH
VR PRUH DQG PRUH´ 6WHLQHU, 1924b, p.139).
At the time of the Oxford Conference the Anthroposophical Society in Great Britain had 297 members
(Anthroposophical Society, 1922c). The Agenda of a meeting of the Society, a fortnight before the
&RQIHUHQFH UHFRUGHG WKDW ³,W LV 'U 6WHLQHU¶V HDUQHVW ZLVK WKDW DOO PHPEHUV VKRXOG PDNH D VSHFLDO HIIRUW
WR DWWHQG WKH 2[IRUG &RQIHUHQFH´ $QWKURSRVRSKLFDO 6RFLHW\ D S
Conference
There were 230 Conference attendees (Schoolmaster, 1922a) and they were described as follows:
³ « WKH ZKROH HGXFDWLRQDO KLHUDUFK\ ZDV UHSUHVHQWHG « WKH JUHDW PDMRULW\ ZHUH WHDFKHUV
directors of educational method, head masters and mistresses, professors of special subjects,
assistants. The secretary herself, Mrs Millicent Mackenzie, who deserves congratulations on
KHU RUJDQLVLQJ SRZHUV ZDV IRUPHUO\ 3URIHVVRU RI (GXFDWLRQ LQ WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI :DOHV «
7ZHQW\ QDWLRQV ZHUH UHSUHVHQWHG « WKH 8QLWHG .LQJGRP FRXQWHG DV IRXU DQG WKH &RORQLHV
DGGHG WKUHH PRUH´ 6FKRROPDVWHU D 1E 7KH 8QLYHUVLW\ of Wales Cardiff is known as
µ&DUGLII 8QLYHUVLW\¶ &XQQLQJKDP *RRGZLQ S
Three Manchester College facilities were utilised for the Conference: the Library for the reception (15
August); the Arlosh Hall for the welcoming address (15 August) anG 6WHLQHU¶V WZHOYH OHFWXUHV -29
August) (Table 1); and the Chapel was the venue for a sermon by Steiner on Sunday 27 August.
The Conference reception was held in the Manchester College Library on the evening of Tuesday 15
August. The Oxford Chronicle (1922) reported that this was followed by the official welcome and address
in Arlosh Hall by Professor L.P. Jacks, the Principal of Manchester College.
Of Oxford, Steiner commented:
³, IHHO LW DQ HVSHFLDO KRQRXU WR EH DEOH WR JLYH WKHVH OHFWXUHV DW WKLV JDthering here, in this
venerable town. It was here, in this town, that I myself experienced the grandeur of ancient
WUDGLWLRQ WZHQW\ \HDUV DJR´ 6WHLQHU F
Steiner spoke in German requesting of his audience:
³ « IRUJLYHQHVV WKDW , FDQQRW VSHDN WR \RX LQ WKH ODQJXDJH RI WKLV FRXQWU\ « $Q\ GLVDGYDQWDJH
WKLV LQYROYHV ZLOO EH PDGH JRRG , WUXVW LQ WKH WUDQVODWLRQ WR IROORZ´ 6WHLQHU F S
56
European Journal of Educational Studies 3(1), 2011
7DEOH 5XGROI 6WHLQHU¶V OHFWXUHV VFKHGXOHG IRU WKH 2[IRUG &RQIHUHQFH 0DFNHQ]LH F
#
5XGROI 6WHLQHU¶V /HFWXUHV DW WKH 2[IRUG &RQIHUHQFH
1
The Spiritual Basis of Education
2
The Spiritual Basis of Psychical and Moral Education
3
The Spiritual Basis of Physical Education
4
The Art of Education for Little Children
5
The Art of Education for Older Boys and Girls
6
The Teacher as Artist in Education
7
The Organisation of the Waldorf School
8
The Boys and Girls of the Waldorf School
9
The Teachers of the Waldorf School
10
The Social Evolution of Mankind
11
Social Impulses of the Present Day
12
Man in the Social Order: the Individual and the Community
The lectures were translated by George Kaufmann, an M.A. in mathematics and chemistry from
&DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 7KH 0DQFKHVWHU *XDUGLDQ F UHSRUWHG WKDW ³*HRUJH .DXIPDQQ « delivers
KLV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ DV LQWHUHVWLQJO\ DV LI LW ZHUH KLV RZQ RULJLQDO VSHHFK´ .DXIPDQQ KDG WUDYHOOHG WR
Dornach and met Steiner in 1919. He was in Dornach when the First Goetheanum building was opened in
1920. He was first called upon to translate SWHLQHU¶V OHFWXUHV LQWR (QJOLVK DW WKH &KULVWPDV 7HDFKHU¶V
&RXUVH DW WKH *RHWKHDQXP :KLFKHU +H ZDV ODWHU WKH RULJLQDO WUDQVODWRU LQWR (QJOLVK RI 6WHLQHU¶V
$JULFXOWXUH &RXUVH 6WHLQHU D )URP .DXIPDQQ DGRSWHG KLV PRWKHU¶V PDLGHQ QDPe,
µ$GDPV¶
2OLYH :KLFKHU ZURWH RI .DXIPDQQ¶V VNLOOV DV D WUDQVODWRU
³ « KH ZRXOG VWDQG XS VR \RXQJ D PDQ DW LQWHUYDOV LQ D OHFWXUH GLYLGHG LQWR WKUHH SDUWV DQG
repeat again in beautiful English and with utmost devotion, almost word for word what Rudolf
Steiner had just spoken in German in a lecture of vast spiritual content. He made a few pictorial
notes of his own creation and for the rest relied on his prodigious memory and spoke with great
57
European Journal of Educational Studies 3(1), 2011
vitality and confidence. In all he interpreted about 110 lectures, besides many conferences and
conversations. For him and for those present it was an unforgettable experience, and Rudolf
6WHLQHU QHYHU IDLOHG WR H[SUHVV KLV JUHDW JUDWLWXGH´ S
All of the twelve morning sessions (16-29 August) of the Conference were presented by Steiner in the
Arlosh Hall of Manchester College. On the Sunday (27 August) evening before the close of the
&RQIHUHQFH 6WHLQHU SUHDFKHG LQ 0DQFKHVWHU &ROOHJH¶V &KDSHO WR DQ DXGLHQFH WKDW LQFOXGHG VRPH RI WKH
attendees of the ModHUQ &KXUFKPHQ¶V &RQIHUHQFH 0DQFKHVWHU *XDUGLDQ E D HYHQW ZKLFK ZDV DOVR
EHLQJ KHOG DW 2[IRUG WKDW VXPPHU 6WHLQHU¶V WRSLF ZDV ³7KH 0\VWHU\ RI *ROJRWKD´ 6WHZDUW D WLWOH
that he had addressed fifteen years previously in Berlin (Steiner, 1907). An address by Steiner (1922b),
µ2Q )RXQGLQJ DQ $VVRFLDWLRQ IRU )XUWKHU :RUN $ORQJ WKH /LQHV RI 7KHVH /HFWXUHV¶ $XJXVW LV QRW
listed in the printed Conference programme and appears to have been delivered at an evening or afternoon
session at Keble College.
Press
The Conference was extensively reported in the press with accounts appearing in local, national and
specialist newspapers including: the Oxford Times; the Oxford Chronicle; the Daily Telegraph; the Daily
News; the New Statesman; the Guardian; the Inquirer; the Times; the Westminster Gazette; the Star; the
Cambridge Daily News; the Christian World; the Lancashire Daily Post; the Sheffield Independent; the
Nottingham Journal and Express; the Staffordshire Sentinel; the East Anglian Daily News; the Burnley
1HZV WKH 3UHVWRQ *XDUGLDQ WKH 'HUE\ 'DLO\ ([SUHVV DQG WKH /DG\¶V 3LFWRULDO $FFRXQWV RI WKH
Conference appeared in the educational media including: Education; the Scottish Educational Journal; the
Journal of Education; the Sunday SchRRO &KURQLFOH WKH 0XVLF 7HDFKHU DQG 7HDFKHU¶V :RUOG 1HZV
articles were generally published without a byline, and in the absence of a nominated author articles are
here cited as (<newspaper>, <date>)).
By the time of the Oxford Conference, Steiner had forged a strong presence on the Continent over several
decades and he had attracted a broad following, as well as opposition that has been described as
³ZLGHVSUHDG´ ZLWK SXEOLFDWLRQV WKDW ZHUH ³GHIDPDWRU\´ DQG ³OLEHORXV´ DQG RSSRQHQWV WKDW ³DWWHPSWHG WR
silHQFH KLP E\ YDULRXV PHDQV´ :KLWHKHDG S ,Q FRQWUDVW 6WHLQHU ZDV D QRYHOW\ LQ %ULWDLQ DQG
newspapers reported the Conference as an educational event and not as a political or as a contentious
event. Accounts in the British press were descriptive rather than critical.
)RXU IDFWRUV LQWHUVHFWHG WR JLYH 6WHLQHU D µJRRG¶ SUHVV IRU WKH &RQIHUHQFH )LUVWO\ WKHUH ZDV WKH QRYHOW\
IDFWRU DQG WKH JHQHUDO XQIDPLOLDULW\ RI WKH %ULWLVK SUHVV DQG SXEOLF ZLWK 6WHLQHU¶V WHDFKLQJV DQG ZULWLQJV
Secondly, Steiner did not speak English, and the reportage of his thoughts was generally mediated by the
UHQGLWLRQV RI *HRUJH .DXIPDQQ 7KLUGO\ WKHUH ZDV WKH µVRFLDO SURRI¶ RI WKH &RQIHUHQFH VWUXFWXUH WKH
Minister of Education, the Right Honorable H. A. L. Fisher was President of the Conference (Mackenzie,
1922c, p.1); Professor Millicent Mackenzie, University of Wales, Cardiff was the Conference organiser
(Steiner, 1922a, p.34); the opening address was given by Professor J. Findlay of Manchester University
(Sunday School Chronicle, 1922); and Professor L. P. Jacks of Manchester College Oxford hosted the
Conference reception and was elected to the Provisional Committee at the close of the Conference
(GXFDWLRQ 0DQFKHVWHU *XDUGLDQ E )RXUWKO\ WKHUH ZDV WKH µ2[IRUG IDFWRU¶- a conference at
Oxford could be expected to be taken more seriously and reported more widely than events at, for
example, the holiday resort towns of Ilkley, Penmaenmawr and Torquay which were the UK venues for
6WHLQHU¶V VXEVHTXHQW OHFWXUH series (Steiner, 1923a, 1923b, 1924b).
0HGLD UHSRUWV YDULRXVO\ GHVFULEHG 6WHLQHU DV DQ ³$XVWULDQ 3KLORVRSKHU´ 'DLO\ 1HZV ³WKH
+XQJDULDQ SKLORVRSKHU DQG P\VWLF´ 'HUE\ 'DLO\ ([SUHVV WKH ³DXWKRU RI 7KH 7KUHHIROG 6WDWH DQG
IRXQGHU RI WKH $QWKURSRVRSKLFDO 6RFLHW\´ 6XQGD\ 6FKRRO &KURQLFOH ³WKH +HDG RI 'RUQDFK
6FKRRO´ (GXFDWLRQ ³WKH DXWKRULW\ RQ WKH VFLHQWLILF ZULWLQJV RI *RHWKH DQG WKH DXWKRU RI µ7KH
3KLORVRSK\ RI )UHHGRP¶ DQG µ7KH (GXFDWLRQ RI WKH &KLOG¶´ 6WDU 7KH 0DQFKHVWHU *XDUGLDQ
(1922c) cited ProfesVRU RI (GXFDWLRQ - )LQGOD\ RI WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0DQFKHVWHU ³,QWURGXFLQJ 'U
Steiner, Dr. Findlay spoke of him as a great scholar, a great teacher, a great philosopher, and a great
ZULWHU´
58
European Journal of Educational Studies 3(1), 2011
I mpressions
Some attendees listening to Steiner were reportedO\ ³GHHSO\ LPSUHVVHG´ ZKLOH RWKHUV ZHUH ³IUDQNO\
SHUSOH[HG´ 0DQFKHVWHU *XDUGLDQ F 7KH 6XQGD\ 6FKRRO &KURQLFOH QRWHG WKDW LQ KLV OHFWXUHV
³'U 6WHLQHU XVHG QR QRWHV RI DQ\ NLQG´
The Schoolmaster (1922b) reported that:
³'U 6WHLQHU¶V OHFWXUHV were delivered in German, with admirable articulation and gesture,
without a note, and that complete mastery of the subject which results from long thought and
deep conviction. He has pondered the things whereof he spoke for thirty-five years; from
theory KH SURFHHGHG WR SUDFWLFH E\ IRXQGLQJ WKH LPSRUWDQW VFKRRO DW :DOGRUI LQ « 'U
6WHLQHU « EHVLGHV EHLQJ D WHDFKHU KH LV D SKLORVRSKHU VFLHQWLVW DXWKRU HGLWRU SV\FKRORJLVW
VRFLRORJLVW DQG LQQRYDWRU´
The Manchester Guardian (1922c) reported that:
³'U 6WHLQHU OHFWXUHV LQ *HUPDQ EXW HYHQ WKRVH ZKR GR QRW NQRZ D ZRUG RI WKDW ODQJXDJH KDYH
pleasure in listening to his extraordinarily expressive voice and in watching his play of
expression and the dramatic force with which he speaks. He puts as much vitality into his
exposition of the difference between mind and spirit as a barrister would put into an appeal for
MXVWLFH´
A Conference attendee declared Steiner to have:
³ « D ILQH FOHDU YRLFH FDSDEOH RI JUHDW H[WHQVLRQ RI SRZHU « VHHPLQJ WR KDYH DQ infinite
UHVHUYH XSRQ ZKLFK WR GUDZ´ DQG WR EH ³DQ DFFRPSOLVKHG VSRQWDQHRXV DQG \HW GLVFLSOLQHG
RUDWRU´ +DUH S
:LOOLDP +DUH¶V ILUVW-KDQG UHSRUW RI 6WHLQHU¶V SUHVHQWDWLRQV LQ 2[IRUG UHFRUGHG WKDW
³:KHQ DW ODVW KH VSRNH LW ZDV FOHDU WKDW KH Sossessed the qualities of expositor and preacher to
a matchless degree. Also, being an artist to his finger tips, it was obvious why he spoke in his
RZQ WRQJXH RI ZKLFK KH KDV DQ DEVROXWH PDVWHU\ « D ODUJH SDUW RI DQ (QJOLVK DXGLHQFH LV
unable to understaQG *HUPDQ « 2UGLQDULO\ LW ZRXOG EH VRPHWKLQJ RI D VWUDLQ RQ DQ DXGLHQFH
to listen to three addresses and three translations covering a period of two and a half hours, but
« 'U 6WHLQHU « VRRQ KROGV KLV OLVWHQHUV XQGHU WKH VSHOO RI KLV SRZHU « WKHUH LV QR artifice of
LURQ\ QR UHEXNH QR FULWLFLVP DQG ZKDW LV SHUKDSV PRUH UHPDUNDEOH QR DSSHDO « 'U 6WHLQHU
GRHV QRW VKULQN IURP WKDW WKRURXJKJRLQJ IRUPDOLW\ ZKLFK JLYHV WR KLV DGGUHVV « DEVROXWH
FODULW\ :RUGV SKUDVHV DQG IRUPXODH « DQG UK\WKPLFDO FDVFDGHV of eloquence, which
VRPHWLPHV UHDFK WKH UDSLGLW\ DQG IRUFH RI D WRUUHQW´ +DUH S-21).
A Union
2QH QHZVSDSHU REVHUYHG WKDW WKH FRQIHUHQFH ³VHHPV WR KDYH ODLG WKH VHHG IRU D GHYHORSPHQW RI
LPSRUWDQFH´ DQG WKDW
³,Q WKH HQG LW ZDV GHFLGHG WR IRUP a union to promote the ideas expressed unanimously on the
necessity of insisting upon other values than those which a materialistic age has brought into
XVH´ *XDUGLDQ
An immediate outcome of the Oxford Conference was the passing of a five paragraph statement of intent:
³WR IRUP D ZRUOG-wide association for the foundation and support of schools ... on the basis that has been
indicated. We propose that a Provisional Committee be formed to take the preliminary steps for giving
HIIHFW WR WKLV´ 0DFNHQ]LH D 7DEOH 0DFNHQ]LH XUJHG WKH &RQIHUHQFH GHOHJDWHV WR ³'R LW QRZ´
(Manchester Guardian, 1922b), and the Provisional Committee was duly elected. The names of eleven
committee members were reported, and they included: Millicent Mackenzie; George Kaufmann; two
school principals; one mayor; and Professor Jacks of Manchester College (Manchester Guardian, 1922b)
(Table 3).
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European Journal of Educational Studies 3(1), 2011
Table 2. The statement adopted by the Oxford Conference on M onday 28 August (M ackenzie,
1922a, 1922b).
The Oxford Conference Statement and Resolution
1. At the close of this Conference on Spiritual Values in Education and Social Life we
place on record our deep gratitude for all that we have received in the Conference.The whole
course of it has borne witness to the existence in our time of a widespread search and
striving for the spiritual basis of human life.This striving has been expressed in the
Conference by men and women of widely different outlook and experience, and not least by
those who with first-hand knowledge of the appalling dangers from class and national
conflict in our age are actively working for political and economic understanding. The need
for a practical cultivation of the spiritual life has this been brought home to us the more
insistently.
2. We are convinced that the mainspring of social life and health lies in the spiritual
nature of man. Our complex and difficult civilization requires a fuller and freer inflow of the
basic spiritual impulses. Such inflow can only take place through the individual human
beings who are born into the world and unfold their faculties within it. Education in the
widest sense of the word must open out the way. True education, therefore, whether of the
child, the adolescent, or the adult, presupposes the deepest reverence and respect for the
freedom of the human spirit in every individual.
3. The teachers in every age have in their hands the rising generation, who will
accomplish, not what the older generation predetermine for them, but what springs from the
fresh impulse of the evolving human spirit. They must be fully in touch with the world,
autonomous in their profession, responsible to the conscience of humanity, working out of
their own free spirit to pave the way for the unfolding spirit in their pupils.
4. Dr. RuGROI 6WHLQHU¶V OHFWXUHV IRU ZKLFK ZH H[SUHVV RXU HVSHFLDO JUDWLWXGH KDYH YLYLGO\
brought home to us the human educational ideal. He has spoken to us of teachers who work
freely and co-operatively, unfettered by external restrictions and regulations, evolving their
educational method simply and solely from their perceptions of human nature. He has
spoken to us of the kind of knowledge which the teacher needs - a knowledge of man and of
the world, not only scientific, but intimate, intuitive, artistic.
5. We therefore feel that the impulse should go out from this conference, to form a worldwide association for the foundation and support of schools in which the teachers will work
freely and co-operatively on the basis that has been indicated. We propose that a Provisional
Committee be formed to take the preliminary steps for giving effect to this resolution.
$W WKH FORVH RI WKH &RQIHUHQFH WKH QHZ RUJDQLVDWLRQ ZDV GHVFULEHG DV ³WKLV DV \HW XQQDPHG DVVRFLDWLRQ´
(Manchester Guardian, 1922b) and this status appears to have persisted at least into the early weeks of
September (Mackenzie, 1922a, 1922b) but was resolved by the following month. In October, Eleanor
0HUU\ LQ KHU FDSDFLW\ DV +RQRUDU\ 6HFUHWDU\ RI WKH ³(GXFDWLRQDO 8QLRQ IRU WKH 5HDOLVDWLRQ RI
6SLULWXDO 9DOXHV´ ZURWH WKDW ³WKH VFKRRO DW .LQJ¶V /DQJOH\ « LV EHLQJ UHPRGHOOHG DORQJ WKH OLQHV RI 'U
6WHLQHU¶V $UW RI (GXFDWLRQ´ 6KH DOVR DQQRXQFHG WKDW
³$ SDUW\ RI VRPH WZHQW\ WHDFKHUV LV JRLQJ RXW LQ -DQXDU\ QH[W >@ IRU D FRXUVH RI OHFWXUHV
and instruction from Dr. Steiner at the Waldorf School, Stuttgart. It may be found to be
SRVVLEOH WR DUUDQJH IRU DQRWKHU VXFK YLVLW LQ WKH VSULQJ´ 0HUU\
60
European Journal of Educational Studies 3(1), 2011
7DEOH (OHYHQ PHPEHUV RI WKH 3URYLVLRQDO &RPPLWWHH ZHUH UHSRUWHG XQGHU WKH KHDGOLQH ³)LUVW
PlDQV RI ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $VVRFLDWLRQ´ 0DQFKHVWHU *XDUGLDQ E RUGHUHG DV SXEOLVKHG
M embers of the Provisional Committee
Professor L.P Jacks, Principal of Manchester College, Oxford
Millicent Mackenzie, formerly Professor of Education at the University of
Wales
Hilda Raw, Principal of Barry College, South Wales
Frances Melland, of Manchester
Mary Wood, Principal of Cambridge Training College
Reuben George, Mayor of Swindon
Eleanor C. Merry (Hon. Secretary)
Miss Cross of the Priory 6FKRRO .LQJ¶V /DQJOH\
Miss Newcombe
George Kaufmann
Baron Rosenkrantz
The Lectures
6WHLQHU¶V 2[IRUG OHFWXUHV DQG RWKHUV JHQHUDOO\ ZHUH UHFRUGHG LQ VKRUWKDQG 6WHLQHU S ZURWH
LQ KLV DXWRELRJUDSK\ WKDW ³7KH FRXUVHV FRQVLVW RI PRUH RU OHVV DFFXUDWH QRWHV WDNHQ DW P\ OHFWXUHV ZKLFK
for lack of time I have no been able to corrHFW´
2I 6WHLQHU¶V WZHOYH 2[IRUG OHFWXUHV QXPEHUV RQH WR QLQH RI 7DEOH ZHUH SXEOLVKHG DV 6SLULWXDO *URXQG
of Education in 1947, and numbers ten to twelve are reproduced (along with other lectures from 1922,
1923 and 1924) in Rudolf Steiner Speaks to the British published in 1998. The title page of Spiritual
*URXQG RI (GXFDWLRQ EHDUV WKH VXEWLWOH ³1LQH /HFWXUHV JLYHQ DW 0DQFKHVWHU &ROOHJH´ S 7KLV YHQXH
claim is corroborated by the Conference programme and multiple contemporary press reports.
The )RUHZRUG WR 6SLULWXDO *URXQG RI (GXFDWLRQ ZULWWHQ E\ ³'+´ VWDWHV WKDW ³7KLV FRXUVH RI QLQH OHFWXUHV
ZDV JLYHQ E\ 'RFWRU 5XGROI 6WHLQHU DW 0DQVILHOG &ROOHJH 2[IRUG´ '+ S %DPIRUG
S [Y VLPLODUO\ UHIHUV WR ³WKH µ2[IRUG +ROLGD\ &RQIHUHQFH¶ DW 0DQVILHOG &ROOHJH´ 7KLV 0DQVILHOG
College claim was carried forward into at least one French edition (Steiner, 1976); it was reiterated in
61
European Journal of Educational Studies 3(1), 2011
Bamford (2004, p.vi); and has been repeated in a United Nations database (UNESCO, 2010). These
accounts linking Mansfield College to the Oxford Conference appear to be mistaken and to have
RULJLQDWHG LQ WKH )RUHZRUG E\ ³'+´ SXEOLVKHG LQ DQG WR KDYH EHHQ UHSHDWHG WKHUHDIWHU 1R
corroborative contemporary evidence was identified in the Conference programme, in the press coverage,
or in the Mansfield College minutes or records to link any of the Conference events with Mansfield. The
confusion may have arisen due to Manchester and Mansfield Colleges being neighbours which bear
similar names. They are both located on the same short street, Mansfield Road, and in the same block.
Steiner and Conference delegates would have walked by Mansfield College, on a daily basis, on their way
from the morning lectures held at Manchester College, to the afternoon and evening events at Keble
College - but it otherwise appears to have played no role.
Eurythmy
7KH (XU\WKP\ GHPRQVWUDWLRQV LQ WKH KDOO RI .HEOH &ROOHJH ZHUH UHSRUWHG DV ³VDLG WR EH WKH ILUVW
GHPRQVWUDWLRQ RI WKLV NLQG HYHU JLYHQ LQ (QJODQG´ (GXFDWLRQ 7KH 0DQchester Guardian (1922a)
reported on a Eurythmy demonstration:
³7KH GLVSOD\ ZDV FHUWDLQO\ YHU\ EHDXWLIXO *LUOV GUHVVHG LQ FRORXUHG GUDSHULHV PRYHG
rhythmically, singly or in groups, about a stage hung with green draperies and illuminated with
changing lights. The movements, especially of arms and hands, were singularly expressive,
though it must be admitted that the unlearned audience could not have interpreted their
PHDQLQJ´
The Schoolmaster (1922a) recorded that the Eurythmy demonstrations were presenWHG E\ ³7HQ ODGLHV RI
YDULRXV QDWLRQDOLWLHV´ DQG DOVR UHSRUWHG WKDW ORFDO VFKRRO FKLOGUHQ SUHVHQWHG WKHLU RZQ (XU\WKP\
GHPRQVWUDWLRQ 2Q WKH VHFRQG HYHQLQJ RI SHUIRUPDQFHV ³D FODVV FRPSRVHG RI FKLOGUHQ IURP 7KH 2[IRUG
Central School placed the results of two months training before the Conference. Perhaps the simple piece
µ, DQG <RX DUH :H¶ EHVW FRQYH\HG WKH LGHD RI 'U 6WHLQHU´ 6FKRROPDVWHU D
DI SCUSSI ON
The success of the Oxford Conference must be credited in large part to the remarkable presentation skills
of Rudolf Steiner and George Kaufmann, as well as to the organising skills of Millicent Mackenzie. In a
short time the Conference bore the tangible fruit that had been hoped for.
Steiner returned to Britain the following year for another summer conference and by then he was referring
WR ³WKH :DOGRUI 6FKRRO 0RYHPHQW´ 6WHLQHU D S 6WHLQHU KDG WROG KLV 2[IRUG DXGLHQFH WKDW ³$
VFKRRO VXFK DV WKH :DOGRUI 6FKRRO LV DQ RUJDQLVP´ 6WHLQHU F S +H UHLWHUDWHG WKLV WKHPH RQ Kis
UHWXUQ YLVLW ³7KH :DOGRUI 6FKRRO LV DQ RUJDQLVP FRPSOHWH DQG ZKROH LQ LWVHOI DQG LI LW LV QRW WKRXJKW RI
DV VXFK PDQ\ RI LWV HGXFDWLRQDO SULQFLSOHV PD\ EH PLVXQGHUVWRRG´ 6WHLQHU D S-2). Steiner
UHYLVLWHG WKLV µRUJDQLVP¶ WKHPH LQ ZKHQ UHIHUULQJ WR IDUPLQJ ³7UXO\ WKH IDUP LV D OLYLQJ RUJDQLVP´
(Steiner, 1924a, lecture VIII, p.7).
2Q KLV ILQDO WULS WR %ULWDLQ 6WHLQHU E S WROG D JDWKHULQJ DW 7RUTXD\ WKDW ³,W JLYHV PH WKH GHHSHVW
satisfaction to find in England that you are ready to consider founding a school based on anthroposophical
LGHDV´ +H VWDWHG WKDW ³, DP GHHSO\ JUDWLILHG « WKDW \RX DUH ZRUNLQJ ZLWK VXFK HQHUJ\ IRU WKH
HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI D VFKRRO KHUH EDVHG RQ DQWKURSRVRSK\´ E S 6WHLQHU¶V YLVLWV WR %ULWDLQ LQ 1923
DQG GLG QRW DWWUDFW WKH ZLGHVSUHDG SUHVV FRYHUDJH RI WKH 2[IRUG &RQIHUHQFH EXW E\ WKHQ µWKH
EDOO ZDV UROOLQJ¶ DQG WKH GLIIXVLRQ RI :DOGRUI VFKRROLQJ LQWR DQ $QJOR-environment was immanent.
6WHLQHU XUJHG WKDW WKLV ILUVW YHQWXUH VKRXOG EH ³D UHDOO\ JRRG VFKRRO´ FRPPHQWLQJ WKDW
³<RX PXVW UHPHPEHU KRZ PXFK GHSHQGV XSRQ WKH VXFFHVV RI WKH ILUVW DWWHPSW ,I LW GRHV QRW
succeed, a great deal is lost, for all else will be judged by the first attempt. And indeed, very
62
European Journal of Educational Studies 3(1), 2011
much depends on how your first project is launched: from it the world must take notice that the
initiative is neither steeped in abstract, dilettante plans of school reform, nor anything amateur
« ,Q FRQFOXVLRQ , VKRXOG OLNH WR JLYH \RX P\ EHVW WKRXJKWV RQ \RXU SDWK - the path that is to
OHDG WR WKH IRXQGLQJ RI D VFKRRO KHUH EDVHG RQ $QWKURSRVRSK\´ E S
Those words of optimism and encouragement to the nascent Waldorf movement in Britain were spoken
by Steiner on 20 August 1924 at the conclusion of the summer conference at Torquay. The seven lectures
on education that Steiner delivered in Torquay (Steiner, 1924b) appear to be the final lecture series on
education that Steiner delivered to the world. Just a month later, on 24 September 1924, Steiner retired
abruptly and completely from public life, due to ill health (Whitehead, 2010). He passed away six months
later on 30 March, 1925 (Collison, 1925).
%ULWDLQ¶V ILUVW QHZ :DOGRUI VFKRRO µ7KH 1HZ 6FKRRO¶ DW 6WUHDWKDP +LOO /RQGRQ RSHQHG LQ -DQXDU\
7KH QDPH FKDQJHG WR µ0LFKDHO +DOO¶ LQ $ GHFDGH ODWHU LW PRYHG WR .LGEURRNH 3DUN )RUHVW
Row, Sussex where it remains today and continues to adhere to and promote Steiner-Waldorf educational
practices (Bamford, 1995; Michael Hall, 2010).
7KH ³:DOGRUI VFKRRO PRYHPHQW´ KDV EHHQ GHVFULEHG DV ³WKH ODUJHVW LQGHSHQGHQW VFKRRO PRYHPHQW LQ WKH
ZRUOG´ $QWKURSRVRSKLF 3UHVV S 7KHUH DUH QRZ UHSRUWHGO\ RYHU :DOGRUI VFKRROV DQG
2000 early childhood centres, located in more than 60 countries (SWSF, 2010). In the UK, there are about
70 Waldorf schools and early childhood centres (SWSF, 2010). In North America, there are 160 Waldorf
schools, 250 early childhood centres, and 17 teacher training institutes (AWSNA, 2010). In Australia
there are about 60 Waldorf schools and early childhood centres (Steiner-Australia.org, 2010).
The Oxford Conference of 1922 played a pivotal role in the global diffusion of Waldorf education. From
Stuttgart, to Oxford, to the world, the Waldorf school movement continues to grow, evolve and engage
contemporary students, teachers and parents.
Acknowledgements:
Thank you to Dr. Andrew Gosler, Head of Human Sciences, University of Oxford and Fellow of
0DQVILHOG &ROOHJH ZKR EDVHG RQ WKH FODLP E\ µ'+¶ S LQYLWHG PH WR ZULWH DQ DFFRXQW RI
Rudolf Steiner at Mansfield College for a College publication. Thank you to Sue Killoran, Fellow
Librarian, Harris Manchester College for her knowledge of and access to Manchester College records; to
Alma Jenner, the Librarian at Mansfield College, University of Oxford; and to Margaret Jonas and
Veronica at the Library of Rudolf Steiner House, London for knowledge of and access to material in the
Anthroposophical Society Archives.
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2[IRUG $RW 3DULV &HQWUH 7ULDGHV
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66