David Émile Durkheim (French: [emil dyʁkɛm] or [dyʁkajm]; 15 April 1858 – 15 November 1917) was a French sociologist. Durkheim formally established the academic discipline of sociology and is commonly cited as one of the principal architects of modern social science, along with both Karl Marx and Max Weber. Much of Durkheim's work was concerned with how societies can maintain their integrity and coherence in modernity, an era in which traditional social and religious ties are much less universal, and in which new social institutions have come into being. Durkheim's conception of the scientific study of society laid the groundwork for modern sociology, and he used such scientific tools as statistics, surveys, and historical observation in his analysis of suicides in Catholic and Protestant groups. His first major sociological work was De la division du travail social (1893; The Division of Labour in Society), followed in 1895 by Les Règles de la méthode sociologique (The Rules of Sociological Method), the same year in which Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology and became France's first professor of sociology. Durkheim's seminal monograph, Le Suicide (1897), a study of suicide rates in Catholic and Protestant populations, especially pioneered modern social research, serving to distinguish social science from psychology and political philosophy. The following year, in 1898, he established the journal L'Année Sociologique. Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912; The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life) presented a theory of religion, comparing the social and cultural lives of aboriginal and modern societies. Durkheim was deeply preoccupied with the acceptance of sociology as a legitimate science. He refined the positivism originally set forth by Auguste Comte, promoting what could be considered as a form of epistemological realism, as well as the use of the hypothetico-deductive model in social science. For Durkheim, sociology was the science of institutions, understanding the term in its broader meaning as the "beliefs and modes of behaviour instituted by the collectivity," with its aim being to discover structural social facts. As such, Durkheim was a major proponent of structural functionalism, a foundational perspective in both sociology and anthropology. In his view, social science should be purely holistic in the sense that sociology should study phenomena attributed to society at large, rather than being limited to the study of specific actions of individuals. He remained a dominant force in French intellectual life until his death in 1917, presenting numerous lectures and published works on a variety of topics, including the sociology of knowledge, morality, social stratification, religion, law, education, and deviance. Some terms that he coined, such as "collective consciousness", are now also used by laypeople.

David Émile Durkheim, dit Émile Durkheim, né le 15 avril 1858 à Épinal et mort le 15 novembre 1917 à Paris, est un sociologue français considéré comme l'un des fondateurs de la sociologie moderne. En effet, si celle-ci doit son nom à Auguste Comte à partir de 1848, c'est grâce à Durkheim et à l'École qu'il formera autour de la revue L'Année sociologique (1898) que la sociologie française a connu une forte impulsion à la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe. Formé à l'école du positivisme, Durkheim définit le « fait social » comme une entité sui generis (voir section Sociologie), c'est-à-dire pour lui en tant que totalité non réductible à la somme de ses parties. Cette définition lui permet de dissocier l'individuel du collectif et le social du psychologique, et de fonder logiquement les conditions de possibilité d'une action contraignante de la société sur les individus. « Extériorité, étendue et contrainte caractérisent le fait social » : cette thèse fit de lui le véritable fondateur de la sociologie en tant que discipline autonome et scientifique. Durkheim est à l'origine de plusieurs termes qui sont aujourd'hui très répandus, comme anomie et conscience collective. L'apport de Durkheim à la sociologie est fondamental, puisque sa méthode, ses principes et ses études exemplaires, comme celle sur le suicide ou la religion, constituent toujours les bases de la sociologie moderne. Toutefois, l'apport de son œuvre va bien au-delà de cette discipline et touche presque toutes les disciplines dans les sciences humaines, dont l'anthropologie, la philosophie, l'économie, la linguistique, et l'histoire.