The panel wishes to thank the individuals who provided assistance and information during the course of this study, including Robert Andersen, Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board; Michele Applegate, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration; John Bailar, McGill University; Bernard Barber, Columbia University; Michael Barrett, House Committee on Energy and Commerce; Lyle Bivens, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Claudia Blair, National Institutes of Health; Erich Bloch, former director, National Science Foundation; James Bower, California Institute of Technology; John Brauman, Stanford University; D. Allan Bromley, Office of Science and Technology Policy; Donald Buzzelli, National Science Foundation; Mary Carter, Agricultural Research Service; Marta Cehelsky, National Science Foundation; Robert Charrow, Crowell and Moring; John Collette, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.; Tom Devine, Government Accountability Project; Alicia Dustira, Office of Science and Technology Policy; Richard Epstein, University of Chicago; Ned Feder, National Institutes of Health; Nina Fedoroff, Carnegie Institution of Washington; Stephen E. Fienberg, Carnegie Mellon University; Alfred Fishman, University of Pennsylvania; Mark S. Frankel, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Michael Gilman, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; D. A. Hendersen, Office of Science and Technology Policy; Charles Herz, National Science Foundation; Roger W. Heyns, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation; Mark P. Jacobsen, Covington and Burling; Richard Johns, Johns Hopkins University; Edward Korn, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; Donald Langenberg, University of Maryland; and Nathan Lewis, California Institute of Technology.

Also, David Meyer, University of California, Los Angeles; Barbara Mishkin, Hogan and Hartson; Frederick Mosteller, Harvard University; Robert Park, American Physical Society; John Pierce, Stanford University; William Raub, National Institutes of Health; Arnold Relman, New England Journal of Medicine; Ellis Rubenstein, Science magazine; Paul Russell, Harvard Medical School; Alan Shinn, National Science Foundation; Eleanor Shore, Harvard Medical School; Gregory Simon, House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology; Maxine Singer, Carnegie Institution of Washington; Stephen Smale, University of California, Berkeley; Nicholas Steneck, University of Michigan; Richard Stephens, U.S. Department of Energy; Walter Stewart, National Institutes of Health; Peter Stockton, House Committee on Energy and Commerce; Philip Sunshine, National Science Foundation; Judith Swazey, Acadia Institute; Michael Teitelbaum, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Robert Weinberg, Whitehead Institute; James Wyngaarden, former director, National Institutes of Health; Rosemary Yancik, National Institutes of Health; Larry Zipursky, University of California, Los Angeles; and Diana Zuckerman, House Committee on Government Operations.

Although this report represents the work of the panel members, it would not have been produced without the support of professional staff from the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. Rosemary Chalk, the project's study director, drafted the chapters and refined them on the basis of the panel's discussions and conclusions. Barry Gold, senior staff officer, provided editorial guidance for the report, prepared the material for Chapter 3, and wrote the working paper on congressional activities in Volume II. Dave Guston, research assistant, provided editorial and bibliographic support for the report, prepared contributions for Chapter 2, and wrote the working paper on mentorship in Volume II. Lawrence McCray, executive director of the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, provided general guidance and review for the study. The panel is grateful, also, to the secretaries for the project: Maryann Shanesy, Marian Cole, Barbara Candland, and Elizabeth Blount. They prepared manuscripts, arranged travel, and assisted with panel meetings.

Others within the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), Institute of Medicine (IOM), and National Research Council (NRC) who were instrumental in the completion of this study are Frank Press, president of NAS; Samuel O. Thier, former president of IOM; Philip Smith, executive director of the NRC; Enriqueta C. Bond, executive officer of IOM; John Campbell, senior program officer, Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable; Michael A. Stoto, deputy division director, IOM Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention; Porter Coggeshall, Report Review Committee; Susan Maurizi, editor, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications; and Stephen Mautner, National Academy Press.